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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL AND ISLAMIC BANKING PRODUCTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KISUMU, KENYA
(2017-06) Assienin Dova Naka Michael Jordan
An Analysis of Extrinsic Motivation Strategies Employed at Kipchabo Tea Factory, Nandi County, Kenya
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2025-04) Lelimo, Abraham K.; Gitonga, Nathan; Misoi, Meshack
The top priority of many corporate organizations currently is to enhance employee performance so as to attain the desired outcomes from them, but this is proving to be more difficult and challenging because of the competitive atmosphere of the company setting. Among the key industries affected is the tea industry, which is among the fast-growing industries in Kenya. This study examined extrinsic motivation strategies used in Kipchabo Tea Factory, Nandi County. The study sought to identify the types of motivation employed at Kipchabo Tea Factory and was guided by Herzberg’s and Maslow’s theories of motivation. A descriptive research design was adopted. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha, yielding a coefficient of 0.709. Findings indicated mean scores ranging from 2.98 to 3.28 across extrinsic motivation indicators, including recognition and awards, promotion, job security, workplace environment, training and development, team building activities, leadership and management support, and compensation and benefits. The results indicate good implementation of extrinsic motivation strategies at Kipchabo Tea Factory. The study concludes that effective integration of these strategies into daily operations and human resource practices, together with employee feedback, can enhance employee performance.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EMPLOYEES’ PERCEPTIONS OF MOTIVATION AND SELECTED MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
(2019-01) Mosongo Joy Kemunto
Motivating employees is one of the most vital activities that managers have to perform, but it is also one of the most challenging. What motivates one individual does not necessarily motivate another. It is therefore a complex task to determine what motivates whom, and how to apply such motivational factors in practice. This study aimed at establishing the relationship between employees’ motivational levels and selected motivational factors in the banking sector in Kenya. The study adopted a cross sectional and descriptive – correlation research designs and targeted the bank employees from the various bank branches located within Nairobi County who were randomly sampled to give their responses on a set of items in a self - constructed questionnaire. The data was statistically analyzed through measures of central tendency and dispersion as well as the use of descriptive statistical tools mainly the mean and standard deviation and inferential tools mainly the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation - moment. The study established that all the selected motivational factors have significant direct and moderate relationship with motivation level of employees and that that there is a significant difference between the motivation level of employees classified by age group, levels of education, gender, and duration of service in the Banking Industry. The study recommends that banks take into consideration the various elements of the motivational factors as well as the various demographic characteristics when formulating their motivational programs so as to ensure that the employees are well motivated.
AN EVALUATION OF COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN TEACHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AND EDUCATIONAL AGENCIES IN EAST-CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: TOWARDS DEVELOPING THE 21ST CENTURY CORE SKILLS
(2022-07) Tesfaye Tadese Hailegnaw
The research evaluated the collaborative partnerships between Colleges of Teachers’ Education and Educational agencies in East-Central and Southern Ethiopia to develop the core skills of the 21st century. The study adopted John Dewey and Carl Roger’s theories of learning. It used an explanatory sequential design. In this case, quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. Friedman and Wilcoxon tests (non-parametric tests) were used to compute significance differences. Descriptive statistics were employed to calculate the mean, frequency, and standard deviation. The sample consisted of three hundred and fifty-seven student-teachers, one hundred and ninety College teachers, three hundred and six secondary school teachers, and twenty-one school principals, college administration, and zone education office. Purposive sampling technique was used for Colleges of Teachers’ Education, secondary schools, and education offices. Simple random sampling technique was employed to choose college teachers, school teachers and student-teachers. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and observation. In the study considered seven research questions. The finding revealed the availability of partnership models. It also indicated that Collaborative partnerships between stakeholders could develop the student-teacher’s core skills of the 21st century. Challenges to implementing collaborative partnerships, teachers’ workload, lack of collaboration between partners, lack of knowledge about the benefits of partnerships, and lack of trust between partners. The researcher recommended developing and using a skill-based curriculum, and changing the education system. The collaborative partnerships implementation model should be used to develop the students' core skills of 21st century.
AN EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN SELECTED DISTRICT COUNCILS IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF MALAWI
(2017-06) Marie Maseko
This study evaluated the effectiveness of internal control system and the level of accountability in selected district councils in the central region in Malawi using the committee of sponsoring organization of the Treadway commission (COSO) internal control framework. The COSO internal control framework consist of five interrelated elements which include: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. The variables in the study were internal control and accountability. The variables under accountability focused on the internal control objectives which included safeguarding of assets, reliability in financial reporting and effectiveness and efficient operations. The research was a case study design, and it used descriptive and correlational methods. The study also used regression to find the best predictor of accountability of the five components in the COSO internal control framework. Data was collected using questionnaires. Respondents were 101 out of 105 accountants and internal auditors of the selected district councils. The study used the SPSS in the analysis of the data collected. The findings from this study demonstrated ineffectiveness in the internal control system of the selected district councils. The study also demonstrated there is a significant relationship between accountability and internal control activities. The study findings indicated that information and communication and control environment are the best predictors of accountability. The study concluded that an ineffective internal control system results in realizing poor accountability. It was recommended that the local government authority should find effective ways to eliminate potential of fraud and misuse of council resources such as encouraging people to report such practices when they occur. The council management should be committed to integrity and ethical values and that should be emphasized to the rest of the employees.
AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROCUREMENT METHODS AND PRACTICES USED IN SELECTED SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH INSTITUTIONS IN KENYA
(2020-08) Kemei Nomelif Koech
This study by adopting the descriptive and correlational research design and involving procurement staff and committee members from 18 institutions, and by using self – constructed survey questionnaire aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the procurement methods and practices used in selected Seventh - day Adventist church institutions in Kenya by addressing the following research questions: What is the place of procurement in the operations of the selected SDA church Institutions?; What are the procurement methods used in the selected SDA institutions under the category of Competitive methods and Non-competitive methods; What is the level of effectiveness of the procurement practices used in the selected institutions based on Costs of procurement, Quality of procurement and Risk mitigation ability; Is there a significant relationship between the place of procurement in the organization and the level of effectiveness of procurement practices and Is there a significant relationship between the assessment of the relationship between the organization and its suppliers and the place of procurement in the organization and the level of effectiveness of procurement practices. Descriptive statistical tools including frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations were used to analyze the data. Additionally, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used in testing the null hypothesis. The study established that procurement is well placed, competitive procurement methods are mostly used compared to the non-competitive methods. There was a significant positive and moderate relationship between place of procurement in the organization and the level of effectiveness of procurement practices (r = 0.309; P = 0.012 < 0.05) and the self-assessment of the relationship between the organization and its suppliers (r = 0.355; P = 0.004 < 0.05). The study concludes that competitive procurement methods were mostly used as compared to the non-competitive methods, and that the institutions have procurement practices that are cost effective, high quality and effective in risk mitigation. The study recommends that full-fledged procurement departments be established in all the institutions and that the SDA church should develop a standard Procurement Manual similar to the Public Procurement Disposal Act 2007 of Kenya, to govern and provide guidance towards a common way of carrying out procurement process and procedures.
AN EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF WORKFORCE DIVERSITY ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AMONG INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL OGANIZATIONS IN KISUMU COUNTY, KENYA
(2018-12) Dip A. Akach
Workforce diversity is still thought of as an abstract concept that still requires further investigation in various sectors. It is full of mixed results on whether it impact on organizational performance or it is just a legal requirement. This study sought to evaluate the perceived influence of workforce diversity on organizational performance among international non-governmental organizations in Kisumu County, Kenya. The study was grounded on four research questions. The study adopted both descriptive-correlation research design in answering the four research questions. The data was collected through closed-ended questionnaires, built on a five likert scale. The study population consisted of 40 international non-governmental organizations that operate in Kisumu County, Kenya. Data was analysed using the SPSS computer software version 22.0. Frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation was used to describe and summarize the data. Correlation analysis was sought to establish the relationship between of workforce diversity and productivity of International Non-Governmental Organizations. The findings revealed mixed results that, there is a statistically significant relationship between education diversity, professional networks and employee effectiveness which was used as a measure of organizational performance. Further findings revealed that there is no statistically significant relationship between workforce diversity (gender, age, ethnic, education and professional networks) and organization efficiency which was also used as a measure of organizational performance among INGOs. The study concluded that workforce diversity is perceived to influence organizational performance. The study recommends that management should come up will policies that will enhance workforce diversity in International Non-Governmental Organizations.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF QUALITY OF WORK LIFE ON MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE IN TEA FARM FIRMS IN NANDI COUNTY, KENYA
(2017-07) Raymond Kiplimo Kiryongi
This study investigated the influence of Quality of Work Life on managerial performance for tea farm firms in Nandi County, Kenya. The study used correlational and descriptive research methods. The target population was made up of 5 tea firms in Nandi County, Kenya. The study targeted 63 managers from the 5 tea firms in Nandi County using census. In terms of data collection, questionnaires were used. The findings indicated that the managers rated the QWL indicators highly. The most rated indicators were technology, working environment and empowerment. These indicators were rated as being very good. Organization culture was the least rated of the four and was rated as good. In terms of the managerial performance rating, the mangers noted that their performance was good. The findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between the QWL indicators and managerial performance hence from this conclusion the proposed null hypothesis was rejected. With the final research question the researcher concluded that, organization culture and working environment as a combination were the best predictors for managerial performance. The researcher recommended an evaluation of the firms’ benefits plan and a review of the number of long weekends offered to the managers. This evaluation and review would greatly aid in improvement of the organization culture.
ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF UNIVERSITY BUSINESS STUDENTS IN LILONGWE, MALAWI
(2016-06) Martha Mkwinda
The purpose of this study was to analyse the factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions of university business students in Lilongwe, Malawi. The study also assessed the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and family background, government support and policies and education system. The data of this study was gathered using a close ended questionnaire which was administered to a sample of 228 students from a population of 532 university business students in Lilongwe, Malawi. The sample was selected using stratified sampling technique. One hundred and seventy eight questionnaires were returned making a 78% return rate. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that the level of entrepreneurial intention of university business students was moderate as the researcher found a total average mean of 4.65. The study also found that family background and education system influenced entrepreneurial intention to a moderate extent as evidenced by the means of 4.03 and 4.71 respectively while government support and policies influenced entrepreneurial intentions to a lesser extent as evidenced by a mean of 3.65. The study found that there was a significant relationship between entrepreneurial intentions and family background, government support and policies and education system (sig = 0.000). In view of the findings, the researcher recommended that the programs conducted in the universities on the subject of entrepreneurship should be made as a compulsory subject to all university students in the country. The researcher also recommended that the government should play a more active role in the development of entrepreneurship by providing more assistance to the SMEs through funds and parents should encourage their children to be involved in entrepreneurial activities.
Analysis of the Relationship between Management Remuneration and Financial Performance of Selected Public Listed Companies in the Nairobi Securities Exchange
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2021-08) Mobegi Fred Morara; Dr. Meshack Misoi; Dr. Jackson Ong’eta Oyaro
This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between management remuneration and financial performance of selected listed companies in Nairobi Securities exchange and adopted quantitative research method while utilising secondary data from the companies’ websites and the 2016 – 2018 annual financial reports and stratified and criterion sampling. The study considered salary, benefits, bonus and allowances on remuneration and ROA and ROE for financial performance. Based on analysis using both descriptive and inferential analysis (Spearman correlation analysis) in the Stata statistical software, the study has established that, the financial performance (ROA and ROE) differed from company to company in the three years evaluated, with, average annual ROA and ROE both decreasing from 3.5 and 0.113 to 3.1 and 0.068 respectively. Management remuneration strategies also differed from company to company with salary (all companies) and benefits (83.3%) being the most utilised. Bonus was the only management remuneration strategy that significantly correlated with ROE (r value= 0.4737) and ROA (r value= 0.3941). It is thus recommended that organisation to leverage management remuneration strategies such as salary, benefits and bonus to improve overall financial performance.
ASSESSEMENT OF TREE SPECIES (Cupressus lusitanica and Pinus patula) DEBARKING BY MONKEYS IN CERENGONI FOREST-BLOCK IN NANDI COUNTY, KENYA
(2022-07) BARBARA MONG’INA OGORI
Monkeys strip the bark off the trees to feed on underlying vascular tissues, leading to the loss of trees, which causes the destruction of the habitat. The main objective of this study was to elucidate information and knowledge of debarking by monkeys and their effect on the forest ecosystem in Cerengoni forest in Nandi County, Kenya. This study was conducted in Cerengoni forest, Northern Tinderet part, which is 12,578 Ha located between Latitude 00 3” and Longitude 350 25” of Nandi County, Rift Valley Kenya. The study area is covered by 45.9 Ha of Cupressus lusitanica and 47.8 Ha Pinus patula plantations. The study employed a systematic survey and descriptive designs whereby, the systematic survey was field survey based on the ranging behavior of the monkeys, species identification, and belt transect sampling. The descriptive designs were surveys based on monkeys debarking in Cerengoni Forest. A random sampling technique was used where a troop population of monkeys was established, as they were crossing the observation paths. Fieldwork commenced in February 2021, and continued till May 2021. The average time spent on the forest compartments during this period was three days a week and three weeks a month. The Kernel Worton Method (1989), was the method implemented in studying the different range of behaviors of monkeys in their groups as animals, or as individuals. The Forester assistants located monkeys by use of GPS and visual and auditory cues, a form of method used by the endemic people who inhabit in this forest to locate primates in this forest. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 2016 for Windows 10, and SPSS statistical software version 25. The descriptive statistics used were; Chi-Square Tests which was used to find out the difference between the total number of trees, and the total debarked trees. Independent T-Test was used to find out the significant mean difference on the total percentages of debarked Cupressus lusitanica and Pinus patula trees, while the One- Sample T -test was used to test the significant mean difference between the diameter and height of both Cupressus and Pinus trees plantations. Debarking based on type of trees, age of trees, and height of trees was recorded in percentages form. The monkey species that debark Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica in Cerengoni Forest are the vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), and sykes (Cercopithecus albogularis) monkeys respectively. Cupressus lusitanica trees are debarked at 31.9%, while Pinus patula trees are debarked at 72.8%. All of these results were presented in tables, and figure forms. The study found out that there is no recorded data on tree debarking in Cerengoni forest.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF SELECTED TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT INNOVATIONS ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE OF THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN NAIROBI, KENYA
(2019-05) Muriuki, Muthoni Mary
For the long term sustainability and to ensure success in operations, every single organization strives to remain relevant and up to date in her operational environment. In order to remain sustainable in the long term, organizations must continuously improve on their operations, satisfy both their customers and employees and ensure measures are established to ensure they remain competitive and at least attain some level of competitive advantage over their competitors. In order to attain this, organizations must continually revised their modes of operation and adopt creativity and innovativeness including adopting appropriate TQM innovations. Successfully implemented innovative methods of total quality management give the possibility for organizations to better adapt to changing surrounding and easier adapt different kinds of innovations. This study aimed at assessing the impact of total quality management innovations on organization performance of the non-governmental organizations in Nairobi, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive – correlational designs and targeted employees of the NGOs and randomly sampled 235 employees who were given self – constructed questionnaire to fill out. The data was analyzed using SPSS and established that the organizations have experienced various performance indicators either to a very great or to a great extent and that the organizations have adopted the various TQM innovations considered in the study. The study has established that the TQM innovations studied can explain 69.64% of the organizational performance and they can be related to performance through a regression model with the best performance predictors being business continuity and top-down implementation innovations. The study recommends that training on statistical analysis tools for the frontline employees should be enhanced.
ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTIONALITY AND ACCOUNTING QUALITY IN SELECTED FIRMS AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE, KENYA
(2017-06) Katieno Jeff Oganga
In view of sudden collapse of some reputable companies, this study examines whether the internal audit departments in selected companies listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange are functional and assesses the level of accounting quality in the financial statements of the selected companies. Finally, it explores the relationship, if any, between the functionality of internal audits and accounting quality. The indicators of internal audit functionality are identified as internal audit structure, internal audit independence and management support. Questionnaires were purposively administered to ten selected companies to evaluate perception of internal audit functionally while on accounting quality; Healy Model of earnings management was used. The weakest perceived indicator of internal audit functionality was found to be internal audit independence where political pressure was perceived as the greatest barrier to internal audit functionality. On accounting quality three of the ten selected companies showed undesirable levels of accruals hence poor accounting quality. It is recommended that corporate governance report of listed companies should include a signed statement on internal auditor independence. Finally accounting bodies should also explore ways of managing discretionary accruals to improve on accounting quality.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES ON MENOPAUSE AMONG PERIMENOPAUSAL WOMEN IN KIPKAREN, ELDORET TOWN, KENYA
(2019-07) DAISY CHEBET RUTO
Perimenopause refers to the period of years preceding menopause. The declining levels of estrogen results in psychological and physiological changes that may cause distressing symptoms. This ultimately affects women quality of life. This, therefore, informed the need to assess the level of knowledge and practices on menopause among perimenopausal women in Kipkaren, Eldoret Town, Kenya. The study was guided by the following objectives; to determine the knowledge on menopause among perimenopausal women; to examine practices towards practices on menopause among perimenopausal women and to establish the relationship between knowledge and practices on menopause among perimenopausal women. This study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The study targeted perimenopausal women in Kipkaren. The total population for the study was 123 women. The sample size was 92 respondents. The study adopted the use of questionnaires as the main data collection instruments. The researcher consulted her supervisors and other experts and specialists in this area for expert validation. The study then used Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha of 0.70 to test for the reliability of the questionnaires. The study adopted a quantitative analysis in order to achieve the objectives of the study. The study results indicated that 77.7% of the perimenopausal women noted that menopause is the cessation of the menstruation; most of the women (56.9%) noted that menopause is caused by stoppage of hormones; psychological changes during menopause were mood changes, insomnia, and depression. Osteoporosis was the main symptom of physical changes during menopause. The main diet that should be taken during menopause was proteins and calcium. The study results revealed that 67.0% took proteins, supplementary calcium or other vitamins in their diet; 31.0% did weight-bearing exercises such as power walking and strength training in order to reduce the risk of osteoporosis; only 22.0% consulted their healthcare provider after every six month; 35.0% avoided fats and too many sugars in their diets; 47.0% maintained normal body weight; 69.0% took healthy diets; and 76.0% had social interaction with others; 11.0% had unhealthy practice (abuse drugs, smoking, and alcohol) and that 96.0% practiced a healthy lifestyle that is avoiding smoking, drug abuse and drinking alcohol. This study concluded that menopausal women have considerable knowledge regarding menopause. Most of the perimenopausal women understand the meaning of menopause, causes, symptoms, and ways of managing the condition. The study concluded that there is a significant relationship between the education level and understanding of menopause; educational status and knowledge on symptoms of menopause; educational status and knowledge of the healthy diet during menopause. There is a significant relationship between education level and physical exercises. There is a significant relationship between knowledge of menopause symptoms and physical exercise. The study recommended that public health care systems should mobilize resources and take measures to improve women’s awareness and knowledge about menopause-related changes through a variety of educational tools and media.
ASSESSMENT OF RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SAFETY PREPAREDNESS IN SELECTED UNIVERSITIES IN WESTERN REGION, KENYA
(2020-04) Korir Peter
University risk managers are faced with daunting challenge of identifying and managing the complex risks across their campuses. The present study perceived that poor risk management practices among universities in Kenya and the far wide could reduce if there is an all-inclusive risk management practice structures. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the risk management practices among universities located in western region, Kenya. The study explored the University risk management practices of selected Universities in Western Kenya, to find out the significant difference between the practices of risk management in public and private Universities and to find out the risk management challenges that face universities in western region of Kenya. The study was guided by risk management theory, theory of planned behaviour and disaster theory. This research used a descriptive study design where primary data was collected through self-administered questionnaires from 78 key respondents (administrators, school deans, heads of departments, and security teams) in two public and two private universities. Major findings revealed that Security, Fire, Natural, and Transportation risk management is practiced but not to a great extent that is expected in universities with means of (2.914, 2.772, 2.8837 and 2.9551), which are due to challenges of education and training, resources, cost, and commitment. From independent t-test to compare the risk management practices in public and private universities, there was no significant difference between the practice of management of security risk, fire risk, and natural risk in public and private universities with p values of 0.066, 0.697 and 0.263. Public universities managed transportation risk better than private universities with a p value of 0.005. It is recommended that the universities develop strategies towards excellent implementation of security risk, fire risk, natural risk and transportation risk.
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN NANDI COUNTY, KENYA
(2017-06) Obed Limo
This study aimed at assessing the level of disaster preparedness of health management committees in public hospitals in Nandi County. The study employed descriptive research design. The researcher used census method where with use of self administered questionnaire and interview guide, the researcher was able to collect data from 41 and 16 committee members respectively. Quantitative data was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 20 while qualitative data was summarized consistent with the themes in the study objectives. Spearman’s correlation test of relationship was employed to test significance of relationship of challenges with the preparedness factors. The study established that the HMCs are not able to adequately fund disaster preparedness activities and putting in place programs for disaster preparedness within Nandi County. The overall rating on the staff preparedness for disaster is low. There is a significant relationship between Infrastructure developments for disaster readiness and lack of cooperation from the neighboring community and Lack of knowledge on disaster preparedness. Likewise, there is a significant relationship between inappropriate infrastructure and Funding of disaster preparedness and Programs in place for disaster. The study concludes that HMCs are not adequately prepared for disaster. The study recommends that the HMC should seek control and allocate more funds to disaster preparedness. The HMCs should be sensitized on disaster preparedness and similarly encouraged to work on the cooperation that lacks between the community and the public hospitals in Nandi County.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND UTILIZATION OF NATURAL REMEDIES TO CURE INFECTIOUS DISEASES AMONG NAROK RESIDENTS, NAROK COUNTY, KENYA
(2021-07) Henry Nyabuto Gori
Natural remedies have been used globally as an intervention in the management, healing and prevention of disease. Some have been used as a stand-alone medicine or alongside western medicines depending on the nature of the disease. In some parts of Africa and Kenya specifically, there are communities that have also been using the natural remedies including the Maasai communities in Narok county. Narok town has grown to be a cosmopolitan community, and hence it is not clear whether natural remedies are still being utilized in these regions. Therefore, this study was aimed to explore the association between knowledge, attitude, and utilization of natural remedies to cure infectious diseases among Narok county residents. This study employed a cross-sectional study design, and data was collected from a sample of three hundred and eighty-one people who were residents of Narok town using a self-administered closed-ended questionnaire. The data was analysed using negative binomial regression models to explore the associations in STATA version 13.1. The Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported in the tables. The results of this study show the majority of the respondents knew most of the natural remedies including garlic (81.9%), ginger (85.1%), honey (96.6%), rosemary (58.6%), aloe (89.8%) and blackjack (63.1%), but in the utilization there was slightly reduction in proportions of those who were utilizing. The most commonly utilized natural remedies were honey, aloe, ginger, garlic and wheatgrass juice. After adjusting for all the potential confounders, those who had moderate knowledge (IRR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.26 – 1.71) and high knowledge (IRR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.83 – 2.55) were more likely to utilize natural remedies than those with low knowledge. On the relationship between attitude and utilization of natural remedies, those who indicated that they will keep using the remedies in the future (IRR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.98 – 1.48, p < 0.10) and believed that the natural remedies can be used to cure (IRR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.14 – 1.57) and prevent (IRR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.04 – 1.44) infectious diseases were at a higher rate of utilization than the reference groups before adjusting for the potential confounders, but after adjustment, the differences attenuated. In conclusion, this study found a relationship between knowledge and utilization of natural remedies to cure infectious diseases. However, despite the respondents having knowledge about several natural remedies under investigation, their utilization was slightly reduced when compared with the knowledge percentage. But at least most respondents had utilized more than five natural remedies that were under research. As people are utilizing the natural remedies, health education and health promotion on the safe ways of preparation, storage and utilization is therefore very necessary in order to avoid negative health and side effect that might be associated with some natural remedies. Proper documentation of these alternative medicine should also be encouraged.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND PERCEPTIONS ON PROJECT-BASED SUPPORT TO PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE BASIC EDUCATION IN RORYA DISTRICT, TANZANIA
(2019-07) Eliada Werungu Bina Tieng’o
This study investigated community participation and perceptions on project based support to public primary schools to ensure sustainability of basic education in Rorya District, Mara, Tanzania. Specifically, the overarching aim of the current study was to explore an approach that will strengthen community participation in project based support to public primary schools to ensure sustainable FFBE for optimum learning. The study employed a concurrent mixed research design with quantitative and qualitative data triangulated for validation. The overall reliability of the questionnaires was .850 and .844 respectively. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Descriptive statistics established means and standard deviations for variability in perceptions of the respondents; while Pearson Product –Moment correlation coefficient tested relationship. The study was guided by Ecological Systems Theory and Transformational Theory. The major findings of the study are that parents do not see the value of public primary school education and the advantages of fee free education; both parents and School Management Committee members do not see it important for the community to participate in project-based support for education; the null hypothesis was rejected; the respondents perceived the community inadequately supporting fee free basic education; the SMC observed that there were minimal challenges; the research collated the recommendations emerged from the study findings for interventions; and the researcher invented a model for community participation. The major recommendation is that the government in collaboration with the other stakeholders at Rorya District should conduct awareness seminars on the importance of community participation in project based support to public primary schools. Further, the study proposed a TWE project-based model: A Sustainable fee free basic education for public primary schools in Tanzania.
COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTIONS i IN REDUCING ALCOHOL ABUSE IN KAPSABET WARD, NANDI COUNTY, KENYA
(2020-07) Kiprono Mathew Rotich
There are many icasesiof idomestic iand iotheriformsiof iviolence iattributed ito ialcohol iand idrugs iin iNandi iCounty ibut imost iare inot idocumented. iThe ipurpose iof ithe istudy iwas ito iassess ithe ieffectioficommunityiintervention imethodsiinireducingialcoholiabuse iin iKapsabetiward, iNandi iCounty. iThe istudy ievaluated ithe ieffect iof icommunity-advocacy icampaigns, ipeaceful idemonstrations, iand ifamily-based iinterventions iagainst ialcohol iabuse iin iKapsabet iWard i– iNandi iCounty. iThis istudy iused iquantitative iexploratory idescriptive iresearch idesign. iThe itarget ipopulation iof ithe istudy iwas i35,962 ithat icomprised i185 iCommunity ileaders, i214 ireligious ileaders, i289 isocio-economic igroup ileaders, iand i35,274 icommunity imembers. iThe isample isizeiofi380irespondentsiwasiestablishediusingiKrejcie i&iMorgani(1970)imethodology. iProportionate istratified irandom isampling iwas iused iand ifurther iconvenience isampling iwas iused ito iidentify ispecific irespondentsiforiinterviews. iThisistudy iused iquestionnairesiand ikey iiinformant iinterviews ito icollect iprimary idata. iThe istudy iapplied idescriptive istatistics ithat iincluded imean, ifrequencies iand ipercentages igenerated iusing iSPSS isoftware iand iexcel iprograms. iQualitative idata iwas ianalyzed ithematically. iPresentation iof ifindings iwas idone iusing ibie-charts, itables iand ifigures. iThe ifindings ishowed ithat ithe icommunity-advocacy icampaigns ihas ia ipositive iand istatistically isignificant i(r=0.868; ip<0.05) ieffect ion ireducing ialcohol iabuse iamong ithe icommunity imembers iin iKapsabet iward, ithe ieffect iof ipeaceful idemonstrationsihasia ipositive iandistatisticallyisignificanti(r=0.810;ip<0.05)ieffectionireducing ialcohol iabuse iand ideaths iamong imembers iof ithe icommunity, ithe ieffect iof ireligion ias ian iinterventioniagainstialcoholiabuse ihasia ipositiveiandistatisticallyisignificanti(r=0.853;ip<0.05) i ieffect ion ireducing ialcohol iabuse iand ideathsiamong imembersiof ithe icommunity iand ifamilyibased iintervention ihas ia ipositive iand istatistically isignificant i(r=0.817; ip<0.05 ieffect ion ireducing ialcohol iabuse iin ithe icommunity. iThis iimplies ithat ifamily- ibased iintervention icontribute igreatly ito ithe iextent ito iwhich ialcohol iconsumption ican ibe ireduced. iIn iconclusion ithe ipoliciesiregarding ilocal ibrewing iare idisregarded iby imany ibrewersibecause ithey icontinue ibrewingichangaaiandibusaaieveryiday. iThereiareilowianti-alcoholicampaignsidoneionipeaceful idemonstrationsiagainst ialcohol iabuse. iReligiousileadersiare iclose imentorsito imany ipeople iin ithe isociety iand itherefore iit iisitheir iduty ito icriticize iand icondemn ithe iuse iof ialcohol iand idrug isubstance. iFurther iparentsiare ialwaysinumberione irole imodelsito itheir ichildren iand itherefore itheir ichampioning iin idemonstration ins iagainst ialcohol iabuse iwill ileave itheir ichildren iand iyouths iliving ithe isame ilifestyle. iThe istudy irecommends ithat ithe icounty igovernment ishould iput imore ipressure ion ifollow-ups iagainst ilaw ibreakers iwho icontinue ito ibrew ibusaa iand ichangaa. iThe icounty igovernment ishould iintroduce iregular ianti-alcohol icampaigns idone iby ivarious iorganizations iagainst iexcessive iuse iof ialcohol. iReligious ileaders ishould ilead iby iexample iand ilive ia iChristian ilife ibecause imany iyoung iand iold ipeople iin ithe isociety iuse ithem iasithe irole imodels. iAnd ifinallyiparentsiare irecommended ito ishare imore iinsightsion ithe iuse iof ialcohol iwith itheir ichildren. iThey ishould ibe iopen ito icommunicate iwith ichildren iand iclarify iexpectationsiregardingialcoholiuseiatitheifamilyisetiup.
COMPETENCY-BASED CURRICULUM IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY: IMPLEMENTATION AND PERCEIVED IMPACT ON WORKFORCE PREPAREDNESS IN SOUTHERN PROVINCE, RWANDA
(2017-06) MBARUSHIMANA NELSON
This study investigated on implementation and perceived impact of competency-based curriculum in tourism and hospitality on the workforce preparedness in Southern Province, Rwanda. This study was guided by constructivism theory. The study used concurrent mixed methods and the respondents (graduates of VTCs) were purposively selected. Analysis employed descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to establish relationships among variables. multiple regression was used to identify best predictors of workforce preparedness, and through thematic approach, qualitative data enhanced the discussions. Graduates from VTCs offering tourism and hospitality courses in culinary arts level three were happy on how they were prepared for the workforce. Even though the grand mean revealed positive perceptions, other important variables that influence the effectiveness of competency based program were unfavourably perceived by both graduates and hotel managers. The findings revealed that there is a positive and moderate relationship between competency-based curriculum implementation and workforce preparedness, therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. Teaching-learning process, identification of competencies and assessment were found to be predictors of workforce preparedness. The study recommended that MBAROVE’s model be used to guide proper implementation of competency-based curriculum in VTCs offering tourism and hospitality courses in culinary arts in Rwanda. The study suggested that a similar study be done at national level in all TVETs and that the Ministry of Education to provide trainings to national curriculum developers that enhance global competitiveness in competency-based curriculum.

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