Browsing by Author "Mutuku Chrispus Ngule"

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    Antibacterial activity and Preliminary phytochemical screening of hot- aqua extract of Tetradenia riparia leaves
    (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES, 2014-08) Mueni Hellen Ndiku; Mutuku Chrispus Ngule
    Nature is a paradise of medicinal solutions to all ailments affecting human beings. Medicinal plants have been used widely to treat against the currently widespread strains of drug resistant bacteria. Green medicine has attracted great interest due to the belief that it is safe, cheap and more dependable than aliphatic drugs, which have adverse side effects. The current study was done to analyze the Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of hot – aqua extract of Tetradenia riparia leaves. The Phytochemical results showed the plant to contain very important compounds (Table 1). The infused plant extract (Table 2) inhibited the growth of all the microorganisms tested. Bacillus cereus was the microorganism which had the highest zone of inhibition of 22.67± 0.453, followed by Serratia liquefaciens with an inhibition zone of 21.00±0.577, Enterobacter aerogenes inhibition zone of 14.33±0.333, Salmonella typhi, 13.33±0.333 and Escherichia coli, 13.33±0.887. Penicillin which was used as the positive control inhibited all the microorganisms while dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) which was used was used as the negative control did not show any zones of inhibition against the microorganisms used in the study. The results obtained in this study shows that the plant’s potency in the treatment against all the bacterial organisms tested. However further research needs to be done to isolate the active compounds, determine their structure, their mode of action and their effect in the in vivo environment.
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    Antidiarrheal activity of Tetradenia riparia and Wubergia ugandensis ethnobotanical plants in Kenya
    (World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2014-09) Mutuku Chrispus Ngule; Hellen Mueni Ndiku
    Diarrhea continues to be a major problem especially in developing countries, affecting majorly young children under the age of 5 years. Plants have been used since time immemorial in the treatment against diarrhea. Due to increased drug resistant microorganisms the search for new antibiotics remains to be inevitable. The study was done to analyze the antibacterial potential of the selected two plants against diarrhea causing microorganisms. The plant samples were collected, identified, voucher specimen prepared and allowed to dry under room temperature. The dried samples were powdered and extracted using hydromethanolic solvent system. The bioassay was done using well diffusion method. From the results Tetradenia riparia had the highest zones of inhibition as compared to Wubergia ugandensis (Table 1). Tetradenia riparia extract highly inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 13.33 ±0.333 and Salmonella typhi an inhibition zone of 12.00 ±0.000 (fig. 1). Wubergia ugandensis inhibited Escherichia coli the most with an inhibition zone of 11.00 ±0.577 and Salmonella typhi an inhibition zone of 10.00 ±0.000. The two plants showed great potential in the fight against diarrhea causing microorganisms.
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    Chemical Constituents Screening and in Vitro Antibacterial Assessment of Prunus Africana Bark Hydromethanolic Extract
    (Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2014) Mutuku Chrispus Ngule; Mueni H. Ndiku; F. Ramesh
    Worldwide many people use plants as a source of medicine in the treatment of various diseases. Plants have been used since the origin of man in the treatment of diseases even before the invention of allopathic drugs. Plants’ originating drugs are believed to be safe, readily available and affordable especially to people living in developing countries. The current study was done to analyze the antibacterial activity and perform phytochemical screening of the plant Prunus africana bark. The plant samples were extracted using methanol and water in the ratio 9:1. The antibacterial activity was done using well diffusion method and the chemical constituents screening was done using standard procedures. From the results the plant was found to contain all the phytochemicals tested except steroids. The plant inhibited the growth of all the microorganisms tested. Salmonella typhi had the highest zone of inhibition of 17.33±0.882, then Proteus vulgaris with a zone of inhibition of 16.67±0.333, Serratia marscecens 16.67±0.333, Escherichia coli 12.33±0.333 and Bacillus cereus 11.67±0.333 zone of inhibition. Penicillin which was used as the positive control inhibited the growth of all the microorganisms tested while the negative control did not inhibit any of the microorganisms. The inhibition of the plant against all the microorganisms is a clear indication that if further study is done the plant can be used in treatment against infections caused by the microorganisms tested. Further research needs to be done to isolate the active compounds and analyze their structural composition, their mode of action and their effect in the in vivo environment.
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    Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity in Senna didymobotrya roots methanolic-aqua extract and the selected fractions against selected pathogenic microorganisms
    (Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci, 2014) Anthoney Swamy T; Mutuku Chrispus Ngule; Jackie K. Obey; Akumu Edwin; Makau Elijah Ngule
    The study was done to evaluate antibacterial activity in Senna didymobotrya roots methanolic-aqua extract and the selected fractions against selected pathogenic bacterial organisms. The aqueous fraction of S. didymobotrya root inhibited B.cereus giving the best results followed by Salmonella typhi, P.vulgaris, S. liquefaciens and E. coli respectively. There was no inhibition for E. aerogenes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the organisms were significantly different in the zones of inhibition (p< 0.05). The ethyl acetate fraction of S. didymobotrya root extract inhibited B. cereus the best followed by, Salmonella typhi, P.vulgaris, S. liquefaciens and E. coli respectively(Table 1). The extract fraction did not inhibit E. aerogenes. The crude extract of S. didymobotrya root inhibited all the organisms, with the best zone of inhibition been that of Bacillus cereus (29.67±0.882), followed by P.vulgaris (16.67±0.667), Salmonella typhi (15.67±0.667), E. coli (13.33± 0.667), E. aerogenes (12.00±0.000) and Serratia liquefaciens (11.33±0.667). These results have shown that S. didymobotrya extract show significant activity against all the organisms tested. The inhibition of the plant roots extract to the growth of all the organisms greatly depicts the plant roots to have great potency towards the treatment of diseases caused by the organisms. The antibacterial activity of the plant roots is due to the presence of important phytochemicals as observed in previous studies. Further research needs to be done in order to isolate the active compounds, their structural elucidation, mode of action and their effect in the in vivo environment.
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    In Vitro Antibacterial activity of Methanolic-aqua extract of Tragia brevipes Leaves
    (2014-02) Anthoney SwamyT; Mutuku Chrispus Ngule; Jackie Obey K
    The plant Tragia brevipes is used traditionally as purgative and in the treatment of stomach problems, in the lower eastern part of Kenya. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the crude extract of Tragia brevipes leaves. The crude was extracted using methanol and water in the ratio of 9:1. Antibacterial activity was done using well diffusion methods and the data analysed using SPSS software to compare the means and also check whether there was significance between the zones of inhibitions caused by the plant extract and also those caused by the positive control. Tragia brevipes was found to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli (12.00 ± 0.577), Salmonella sp. (10.33 ± 0.333), Enterobacter aerogenes (9.33 ± 0.333), Bacillus cereus (23.67 ± 0.882), Serratia liquefaciens (5.00 ± 2.646) and Proteus vulgaris (8.67 ± 0.333). The results obtained scientifically justify the traditional use of the plant to treat against enteric microbes such as Salmonella typhi and Enterobacter aerogenes. Tragia brevipes can be used as an antibiotic against all the microorganisms tested.
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    PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF METHANOLIC-AQUA EXTRACT (FRACTIONS) OF SENNA DIDYMOBOTRYA ROOTS
    (2023-09) Anthoney Swamy Thangiah; Mutuku Chrispus Ngule; Obey Jackie K
    The study was carried to analyze the phytochemical constituents of the Senna didymobotrya roots. The plant samples were extracted using methanol and water in the ratio of 9:1. The crude extract was disintegrated using different solvents according to their polarity. The solvents used were chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water respectively. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical study using standard procedures. From the study the of crude extract of Senna didymobotrya was found to contain tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, steroidal rings but steroids were found to be absent. The presence of these important phytochemicals in the plant roots is a scientific justification of the use of the plant in the traditional treatment against various diseases affecting humans and animals. However, more research needs to be done to identify the specific compounds, there structural formulas and their medicinal values.
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    PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF LANTANA CAMARA LEAVES’ SMOKE
    (International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2014-06) Akumu Edwin O; Anthoney Swamy T; Mutuku Chrispus Ngule; Jackie K. Obey
    Lantana camara has been named as one of the most important medicinal plants in the world. The plant has been used in various communities for treatment against various diseases. The plant has been found to have antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, anti-fungal activity, antihelmentic activity, anti hyperglycemic activity and antioxidant activity. The plant’s leaves smoke has also been found to have mosquito repellent activity. The KEY WORDS current study was done to evaluate phytochemistry of the smoke from its leaves. This study revealed the presence of several compounds from its smoke. Acetone extract was found to contain only alkaloids, methanol extract was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids while the aqua extract was found to contain only flavonoids. Further research needs to be done to determine the structural composition of these compounds their mode of action and their effect in the in vivo environment.
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    PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL SCREENING OF FRESH TETRADENIA RIPARIA LEAVES WATER EXTRACT AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
    (International Journal of Bioassays, 2014-05-17) Mutuku Chrispus Ngule; Mueni Hellen Ndiku; F Ramesh; Makau Elijah Ngule
    The use of plants as a source of medicine is as old as man himself. Plants have been used since time immemorial to treat against various diseases affecting human beings all over the world. Before the invention of synthetic drugs, traditional medicine dominated the world. The study was conducted to analyze the antibacterial activity phytoconstituents of Tetradenia riparia plant. The samples were extracted using water solvent. The phytoconstituents study was done using standard procedures. The bioassay was done using well diffusion method. From the study, Tetradenia riparia was found to contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, alkaloids and steroidal rings, but terpenoids, steroids and steroidal nucleus were found to be absent in the plant extract. The fresh leaves water extract of the plant Tetradenia riparia inhibited the growth of all the microorganisms used. The zones of inhibition were high in Salmonella typhi (21.00±0.000), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus cereus with inhibition zones of 18.67±0.577, 18.00±0.333 and 18.00±0.577 respectively. Serratia marcescens and Serratia liquefaciens had inhibition zones of 13.00±0.333 and 13.33±0.577 respectively. Escherichia coli had the least inhibition zone of 9.67±0.577. Penicillin which was used as the positive control inhibited the growth of all the microorganisms tested while DMSO (negative control) did not show any inhibition zones against any of the microorganisms tested. The current study may be a partial scientific justification of the plants use in the treatment against the infections caused by all the tested microorganisms.
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    PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF METHANOLIC–AQUA EXTRACT OF ACANTHOSPERMUM AUSTRALE LEAVES
    (2013-09-11) AUSTRALE LEAVES Anthoney Swamy Thangiah; Mutuku Chrispus Ngule; Obey Jackie K
    The study was carried to analyze the phytochemical constituents of the Acanthospermum australe. The plant samples were extracted using methanol and water in the ratio of 9:1. From the study the extract of Acanthospermum australe was found to contain tannins, saponins, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, steroidal rings but steroids and flavonoids were found to be absent. The presence of these important phytochemicals in the plant roots is a scientific justification of the plant use in the traditional treatment against various diseases affecting humans and animals. However, more research needs to be done to identify the specific compounds, their structural formulas and contribution towards medicinal values of the plant.