Browsing by Author "Msafiri M. JACKSON"

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    Assessment of air pollution in residential areas of Kinondoni municipality in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania
    (2009-08) Msafiri M. JACKSON
    The quality of the ambient air at residential areas has been assessed for Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam City. Three air pollutants namely Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulate matter (SPM), and particulate lead (Pb) were measured in Mikocheni, Kijitonyama, Sinza, and Manzese. Saltzman, filtrations, and Atomic Absorption Spectrometric methods were correspondingly used for analysis of NO2, SPM, and particulate lead. Results have shown that with exception of NO2, the other pollutants were present at levels above the WHO guidelines. The SPM concentration varies from 418.7 μg/m3 to 804.0 μg/m3 while the WHO guideline value is 230 μg/m3. The particulate lead range from 7.4 to 12.0 μg/m3 exceeding the quarterly WHO standard of 1.5 μg/m3. Hourly average nitrogen dioxide concentration ranges from 16.0 μg/m3 to 74.0 μg/m3, which is below the WHO guidelines value of 200 μg/m3. The carcinogenic risk assessment due to particulate lead pollution was undertaken considering people who spend most of their time in the residential areas. The additional unit risk realised was 78.8 x 10-6 for adults and 25.1 x 10-6 for children, both scenarios showing additional risk higher than the United States of America Environmental protection agency (USEPA) acceptable risk of 1 x 10-6. The obtained additional unit risk is equivalent to 48 people getting cancer out of 606767 exposed adult population and 12 children out of 476746 exposed children in Kinondoni Municipality. From these results it can be concluded that Kinondoni municipality dwellers, are living in hazardous atmospheric environments.
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    Cooking as a source of indoor air pollution in rural areas of Tanzania
    (International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2009-10) Msafiri M. JACKSON
    This study was concerned with the assessment of the contribution of cooking fuelwood, charcoal and kerosene to indoor air pollution in households in Msangani, Chahua and Kazimzumbwi villages in the Coast Region, Tanzania. It has also assessed the performance of Single Compartment Model in predicting indoor pollution levels under Tanzania conditions. The methods used in this study were household survey, measurements, and observation. The pollutants measured were Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NOX) using a combustion analyzer CA-6200-CALc manufacured by RAECO of USA, and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) using a filter and vacuum pump. It was observed that 97.3% of the 112 families surveyed utilized simple “three stones” fires for cooking. Other observed cooking facilities in the study areas were charcoal stoves and kerosene stoves. The overall pattern shows that the population in the three villages spent about 76.8% of their time indoors. The hourly indoor average SPM levels during cooking period ranged from 13571 μg/m3 to 305798 μg/m3. Compared with SPM levels recorded in similar studies, these values were much higher, and may contribute to health problems observed in the study areas. The CO concentrations before cooking, for households that use fuel wood, exceeded the WHO hourly standard of 30 mg/m3 in 69.4 % of the surveyed households, while the concentrations for those households using charcoal and kerosene were zero. The overall average CO concentrations in mg/m3 at all households during cooking were 325 ± 211 and 148 ± 44 when fuelwood and charcoal biomass were used respectively. The measured values of CO were above the recommended WHO guidelines with an hourly objective value of 30 mg/m3. A Single Compartment Model provided a satisfactory approximation of the measured CO concentrations with an average ratio of measured/modelled CO concentration at 1.1± 0.3. The study recommends improvement to the ventilation system including the provision of an adequate number of windows and installation of chimneys for removal of combustion pollutants from indoor environment.